Mass survey ap gov

Public trust in government remains low. Only about one-quarter of Americans say they can trust the government in Washington to do what is right “just about always” (2%) or “most of the time” (22%).

Public trust in government near historic lows

Date	.	Individual polls	Moving average
4/11/2021	PEW	24	24
8/2/2020	PEW	20	24
4/12/2020	PEW	27	21
3/25/2019	PEW	17	17
12/04/2017	PEW	18	18
4/11/2017	PEW	20	19
10/04/2015	PEW	19	18
7/20/2014	CNN	14	19
2/26/2014	PEW	24	18
11/15/2013	CBS/NYT	17	20
10/13/2013	PEW	19	19
5/31/2013	CBS/NYT	20	20
2/06/2013	CBS/NYT	20	22
1/13/2013	PEW	26	23
10/31/2012	NES	22	19
10/19/2011	CBS/NYT	10	17
10/04/2011	PEW	20	15
9/23/2011	CNN	15	18
8/21/2011	PEW	19	21
2/28/2011	PEW	29	23
10/21/2010	CBS/NYT	22	23
10/01/2010	CBS/NYT	18	21
9/06/2010	PEW	24	23
9/01/2010	CNN	25	23
4/05/2010	CBS/NYT	20	23
4/05/2010	PEW	25	22
3/21/2010	PEW	22	24
2/12/2010	CNN	26	22
2/05/2010	CBS/NYT	19	21
1/10/2010	GALLUP	19	20
12/20/2009	CNN	20	21
8/31/2009	CBS/NYT	24	22
6/12/2009	CBS/NYT	20	23
12/21/2008	CNN	26	25
10/15/2008	NES	31	24
10/13/2008	CBS/NYT	17	24
7/09/2007	CBS/NYT	24	24
1/09/2007	PEW	31	28
10/08/2006	CBS/NYT	29	29
9/15/2006	CBS/NYT	28	30
2/05/2006	PEW	34	31
1/20/2006	CBS/NYT	32	33
1/06/2006	GALLUP	32	32
12/02/2005	CBS/NYT	32	32
9/11/2005	PEW	31	31
9/09/2005	CBS/NYT	29	30
6/19/2005	GALLUP	30	35
10/15/2004	NES	46	39
7/15/2004	CBS/NYT	40	41
3/21/2004	PEW	36	38
10/26/2003	GALLUP	37	36
7/27/2003	CBS/NYT	36	43
10/15/2002	NES	55	46
9/04/2002	GALLUP	46	46
9/02/2002	CBS/NYT	38	40
7/13/2002	CBS/NYT	38	40
6/17/2002	GALLUP	44	43
1/24/2002	CBS/NYT	46	46
12/07/2001	CBS/NYT	48	49
10/25/2001	CBS/NYT	55	54
10/06/2001	GALLUP	60	49
1/17/2001	CBS/NYT	31	44
10/31/2000	CBS/NYT	40	38
10/15/2000	NES	44	42
7/09/2000	GALLUP	42	39
4/02/2000	ABC/POST	31	38
2/14/2000	PEW	40	34
10/03/1999	CBS/NYT	30	36
9/14/1999	CBS/NYT	38	33
5/16/1999	PEW	31	33
2/21/1999	PEW	31	31
2/12/1999	ABC/POST	32	32
2/04/1999	GALLUP	33	34
1/10/1999	CBS/NYT	37	34
1/03/1999	CBS/NYT	33	37
12/01/1998	NES	40	33
11/15/1998	PEW	26	30
11/01/1998	CBS/NYT	24	26
10/26/1998	CBS/NYT	26	28
8/10/1998	ABC/POST	34	31
2/22/1998	PEW	34	35
2/01/1998	GALLUP	39	33
1/25/1998	CBS/NYT	26	32
1/19/1998	ABC/POST	31	32
10/31/1997	PEW	39	31
8/27/1997	ABC/POST	22	31
6/01/1997	GALLUP	32	26
1/14/1997	CBS/NYT	23	27
11/02/1996	CBS/NYT	25	27
10/15/1996	NES	33	28
5/12/1996	GALLUP	27	31
5/06/1996	ABC/POST	34	29
11/19/1995	ABC/POST	25	27
8/07/1995	GALLUP	22	22
8/05/1995	CBS/NYT	20	21
3/19/1995	ABC/POST	22	20
2/22/1995	CBS/NYT	18	21
12/01/1994	NES	22	21
10/29/1994	CBS/NYT	22	22
10/23/1994	ABC/POST	22	20
6/06/1994	GALLUP	17	19
1/30/1994	GALLUP	19	20
1/20/1994	ABC/POST	24	22
3/24/1993	GALLUP	22	25
1/17/1993	ABC/POST	28	25
1/14/1993	CBS/NYT	24	25
10/23/1992	CBS/NYT	22	25
10/15/1992	NES	29	25
6/08/1992	GALLUP	23	29
10/20/1991	ABC/POST	35	35
3/06/1991	CBS/NYT	47	42
3/01/1991	ABC/POST	45	46
1/27/1991	ABC/POST	46	40
12/01/1990	NES	28	33
10/28/1990	CBS/NYT	25	32
9/06/1990	ABC/POST	42	35
1/16/1990	ABC/POST	38	38
6/29/1989	CBS/NYT	35	39
1/15/1989	CBS/NYT	44	41
11/10/1988	CBS/NYT	44	43
10/15/1988	NES	41	41
1/23/1988	ABC/POST	39	40
10/18/1987	CBS/NYT	41	43
6/01/1987	ABC/POST	47	43
3/01/1987	CBS/NYT	42	44
1/21/1987	CBS/NYT	43	43
1/19/1987	ABC/POST	44	42
12/01/1986	NES	39	44
11/30/1986	CBS/NYT	49	43
9/09/1986	ABC/POST	40	44
1/19/1986	CBS/NYT	42	44
11/06/1985	CBS/NYT	49	43
7/29/1985	ABC/POST	38	42
3/21/1985	ABC/POST	37	40
2/27/1985	CBS/NYT	46	42
2/22/1985	ABC/POST	43	45
11/14/1984	CBS/NYT	46	44
10/15/1984	NES	44	41
12/01/1982	NES	33	39
11/07/1980	CBS/NYT	39	32
10/15/1980	NES	25	30
3/12/1980	CBS/NYT	26	27
11/03/1979	CBS/NYT	30	28
12/01/1978	NES	29	31
10/23/1977	CBS/NYT	33	32
4/25/1977	CBS/NYT	35	34
10/15/1976	NES	33	36
9/05/1976	CBS/NYT	40	35
6/15/1976	CBS/NYT	33	35
3/01/1976	GALLUP	33	34
2/08/1976	CBS/NYT	36	35
12/01/1974	NES	36	36
10/15/1972	NES	53	53
12/01/1970	NES	54	54
10/15/1968	NES	62	62
12/01/1966	NES	65	65
10/15/1964	NES	77	77
12/01/1958	NES	73	73

Pew Research Center

When the National Election Study began asking about trust in government in 1958, about three-quarters of Americans trusted the federal government to do the right thing almost always or most of the time. Trust in government began eroding during the 1960s, amid the escalation of the Vietnam War, and the decline continued in the 1970s with the Watergate scandal and worsening economic struggles. Confidence in government recovered in the mid-1980s before falling again in the mid-1990s. But as the economy grew in the late 1990s so too did confidence in government. Public trust reached a three-decade high shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, but declined quickly thereafter. Since 2007, the share saying they can trust the government always or most of the time has not surpassed 30%.

Currently, 36% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents say they can trust government, compared with 9% of Republicans and Republican-leaners. Throughout Trump’s tenure, more Republicans than Democrats reported trusting the government, though that has flipped since Biden’s election. Since the 1970s, trust in government has been consistently higher among members of the party that controls the White House than among the opposition party. Republicans have often been more reactive than Democrats to changes in political leadership, with Republicans expressing much lower levels of trust during Democratic presidencies, while Democrats’ attitudes have tended to be somewhat more consistent, regardless of which party controls the White House. However, the GOP and Democratic shift in attitudes between the end of the Trump presidency and the early Biden presidency is roughly the same magnitude.

Trust in govt higher among members of party that controls presidency

Date	.	Democrat/Lean Dem	Republican/Lean Rep
4/11/2021	PEW	36	9
8/2/20	PEW	12	28
4/12/20	PEW	18	36
3/25/2019	PEW	14	21
12/04/2017	PEW	15	22
4/11/2017	PEW	15	28
10/04/2015	PEW	26	11
7/20/2014	CNN	17	11
2/26/2014	PEW	32	16
11/15/2013	CBS/NYT	31	8
10/13/2013	PEW	27	10
5/31/2013	CBS/NYT	30	8
2/06/2013	CBS/NYT	34	8
1/13/2013	PEW	37	15
10/31/2012	NES	29	16
10/19/2011	CBS/NYT	13	8
10/04/2011	PEW	27	12
9/23/2011	CNN	20	11
8/21/2011	PEW	25	13
3/01/2011	PEW	34	24
10/21/2010	CBS/NYT	36	7
10/01/2010	CBS/NYT	27	13
9/06/2010	PEW	35	13
9/01/2010	CNN	31	18
4/05/2010	CBS/NYT	27	14
3/21/2010	PEW	32	13
2/12/2010	CNN	34	18
2/05/2010	CBS/NYT	31	9
1/10/2010	GALLUP	23	16
12/20/2009	CNN	25	16
8/31/2009	CBS/NYT	34	12
6/12/2009	CBS/NYT	35	10
12/21/2008	CNN	30	22
10/15/2008	NES	34	31
10/13/2008	CBS/NYT	12	19
7/09/2007	CBS/NYT	18	31
1/09/2007	PEW	22	43
10/08/2006	CBS/NYT	20	50
9/15/2006	CBS/NYT	20	44
2/05/2006	PEW	20	53
1/20/2006	CBS/NYT	23	51
1/06/2006	GALLUP	20	44
12/02/2005	CBS/NYT	19	52
9/11/2005	PEW	19	49
9/09/2005	CBS/NYT	21	42
6/19/2005	GALLUP	24	36
10/15/2004	NES	35	61
3/21/2004	PEW	24	55
10/26/2003	GALLUP	35	42
7/27/2003	CBS/NYT	25	51
10/15/2002	NES	52	63
9/04/2002	GALLUP	38	55
9/02/2002	CBS/NYT	32	52
7/13/2002	CBS/NYT	34	45
6/17/2002	GALLUP	33	55
1/24/2002	CBS/NYT	39	56
12/07/2001	CBS/NYT	39	60
10/25/2001	CBS/NYT	47	70
10/06/2001	GALLUP	52	68
1/17/2001	CBS/NYT	26	38
10/15/2000	NES	48	43
7/09/2000	GALLUP	42	41
4/02/2000	ABC/POST	38	24
2/14/2000	PEW	46	37
10/03/1999	CBS/NYT	31	27
9/14/1999	CBS/NYT	42	35
5/16/1999	PEW	36	30
2/21/1999	PEW	35	25
2/12/1999	ABC/POST	41	21
2/04/1999	GALLUP	38	29
1/10/1999	CBS/NYT	42	33
1/03/1999	CBS/NYT	37	29
12/01/1998	NES	45	35
11/19/1998	PEW	31	23
11/01/1998	CBS/NYT	28	22
10/26/1998	CBS/NYT	28	25
8/10/1998	ABC/POST	40	30
2/22/1998	PEW	42	28
2/01/1998	GALLUP	52	26
1/25/1998	CBS/NYT	31	22
10/31/1997	PEW	46	32
6/01/1997	GALLUP	39	25
1/14/1997	CBS/NYT	29	20
11/02/1996	CBS/NYT	31	20
10/15/1996	NES	40	27
5/12/1996	GALLUP	32	20
5/06/1996	ABC/POST	41	35
11/19/1995	ABC/POST	27	26
8/07/1995	GALLUP	24	21
8/05/1995	CBS/NYT	20	20
3/19/1995	ABC/POST	27	20
2/22/1995	CBS/NYT	18	19
12/01/1994	NES	26	18
10/29/1994	CBS/NYT	26	19
10/23/1994	ABC/POST	27	16
6/06/1994	GALLUP	23	11
1/30/1994	GALLUP	25	14
1/20/1994	ABC/POST	30	18
3/24/1993	GALLUP	32	11
1/17/1993	ABC/POST	32	25
1/14/1993	CBS/NYT	26	21
10/23/1992	CBS/NYT	17	31
10/15/1992	NES	31	34
6/08/1992	GALLUP	17	31
10/20/1991	ABC/POST	31	41
3/06/1991	CBS/NYT	40	56
3/01/1991	ABC/POST	41	52
12/01/1990	NES	26	32
10/28/1990	CBS/NYT	21	31
9/06/1990	ABC/POST	37	48
1/16/1990	ABC/POST	32	46
6/29/1989	CBS/NYT	27	45
1/15/1989	CBS/NYT	37	54
11/10/1988	CBS/NYT	36	58
10/15/1988	NES	35	51
1/23/1988	ABC/POST	31	51
10/18/1987	CBS/NYT	36	47
6/01/1987	ABC/POST	38	59
3/01/1987	CBS/NYT	34	54
1/21/1987	CBS/NYT	36	51
1/19/1987	ABC/POST	39	51
12/01/1986	NES	31	53
11/30/1986	CBS/NYT	37	63
9/09/1986	ABC/POST	30	51
1/19/1986	CBS/NYT	36	51
11/06/1985	CBS/NYT	42	59
7/29/1985	ABC/POST	30	48
3/21/1985	ABC/POST	29	49
2/22/1985	ABC/POST	30	62
11/14/1984	CBS/NYT	36	59
10/15/1984	NES	41	50
12/01/1982	NES	32	41
11/07/1980	CBS/NYT	40	42
10/15/1980	NES	31	23
3/12/1980	CBS/NYT	30	22
11/03/1979	CBS/NYT	32	28
12/01/1978	NES	33	26
10/23/1977	CBS/NYT	40	25
4/25/1977	CBS/NYT	37	34
10/15/1976	NES	30	42
9/05/1976	CBS/NYT	38	45
6/15/1976	CBS/NYT	36	36
3/01/1976	GALLUP	31	40
12/01/1974	NES	36	38
10/15/1972	NES	48	62
12/01/1970	NES	52	61
10/15/1968	NES	66	60
12/01/1966	NES	71	54
10/15/1964	NES	80	73
12/01/1958	NES	71	79

Pew Research Center

Trust in government by party and ideology

Date	.	Liberal Dem/Lean Dem	Cons-Moderate Dem/Lean Dem	Moderate-Lib Rep/Lean Rep	Conservative Rep/Lean Rep
4/11/2021	PEW	31	40	16	5
8/2/20	PEW	8	16	31	27
4/12/20	PEW	12	22	37	37
3/25/2019	PEW	13	15	21	20
12/04/2017	PEW	15	16	26	20
4/11/2017	PEW	15	16	32	26
10/04/2015	PEW	28	25	14	9
7/20/2014	CNN	19	16	15	7
2/26/2014	PEW	31	33	21	13
11/15/2013	CBS/NYT	38	25	13	5
10/13/2013	PEW	25	27	16	7
5/31/2013	CBS/NYT	30	30	16	4
2/06/2013	CBS/NYT	35	34	9	7
1/13/2013	PEW	34	37	17	14
10/31/2012	NES	26	32	18	15
10/19/2011	CBS/NYT	9	13	11	7
10/04/2011	PEW	30	25	14	9
9/23/2011	CNN	30	16	11	11
8/21/2011	PEW	26	24	18	10
3/01/2011	PEW	36	33	32	18
10/21/2010	CBS/NYT	37	35	12	4
10/01/2010	CBS/NYT	34	22	10	16
9/06/2010	PEW	39	31	19	10
9/01/2010	CNN	36	30	28	11
4/05/2010	CBS/NYT	37	21	23	7
3/21/2010	PEW	36	31	19	11
2/12/2010	CNN	36	34	25	9
2/05/2010	CBS/NYT	31	32	13	7
1/10/2010	GALLUP	29	22	20	12
12/20/2009	CNN	31	23	18	13
8/31/2009	CBS/NYT	38	30	14	10
6/12/2009	CBS/NYT	42	34	13	8
12/21/2008	CNN	36	28	28	17
10/15/2008	NES	37	34	48	28
10/13/2008	CBS/NYT	16	12	26	12
7/09/2007	CBS/NYT	14	21	38	28
1/09/2007	PEW	15	25	41	45
10/08/2006	CBS/NYT	14	22	50	51
9/15/2006	CBS/NYT	11	23	44	44
2/05/2006	PEW	13	23	52	54
1/20/2006	CBS/NYT	27	21	52	50
1/06/2006	GALLUP	10	26	33	56
12/02/2005	CBS/NYT	16	21	60	47
9/11/2005	PEW	13	22	39	54
9/09/2005	CBS/NYT	12	26	46	41
6/19/2005	GALLUP	25	24	31	41
10/15/2004	NES	24	39	63	59
3/21/2004	PEW	23	24	53	56
10/26/2003	GALLUP	23	39	31	52
7/27/2003	CBS/NYT	21	27	55	47
10/15/2002	NES	53	56	66	61
9/04/2002	GALLUP	31	40	50	60
9/02/2002	CBS/NYT	32	32	55	53
7/13/2002	CBS/NYT	37	33	50	42
6/17/2002	GALLUP	30	36	59	55
1/24/2002	CBS/NYT	38	39	58	54
12/07/2001	CBS/NYT	34	43	61	58
10/06/2001	GALLUP	46	55	66	69
1/17/2001	CBS/NYT	33	24	41	33
10/15/2000	NES	58	52	54	44
7/09/2000	GALLUP	41	42	50	35
4/02/2000	ABC/POST	38	39	28	20
10/03/1999	CBS/NYT	26	33	29	24
9/14/1999	CBS/NYT	38	45	42	27
2/12/1999	ABC/POST	40	43	26	16
2/04/1999	GALLUP	36	40	33	27
1/10/1999	CBS/NYT	39	44	40	28
1/03/1999	CBS/NYT	34	39	31	26
12/01/1998	NES	45	46	39	34
11/01/1998	CBS/NYT	28	28	23	22
10/26/1998	CBS/NYT	30	28	22	26
8/10/1998	ABC/POST	38	35	24	27
2/01/1998	GALLUP	55	52	33	23
1/25/1998	CBS/NYT	24	31	24	19
6/01/1997	GALLUP	41	38	31	21
1/14/1997	CBS/NYT	30	28	25	14
11/02/1996	CBS/NYT	30	32	21	19
10/15/1996	NES	38	39	30	25
5/12/1996	GALLUP	25	35	25	18
5/06/1996	ABC/POST	41	41	39	33
11/19/1995	ABC/POST	26	27	26	28
8/07/1995	GALLUP	16	27	17	25
8/05/1995	CBS/NYT	21	19	19	23
3/19/1995	ABC/POST	24	28	22	17
2/22/1995	CBS/NYT	20	18	22	17
12/01/1994	NES	22	28	21	16
10/29/1994	CBS/NYT	26	27	23	15
10/23/1994	ABC/POST	32	25	22	11
6/06/1994	GALLUP	16	26	15	9
1/30/1994	GALLUP	20	27	18	12
1/20/1994	ABC/POST	26	31	25	10
1/17/1993	ABC/POST	30	33	28	22
1/14/1993	CBS/NYT	17	30	20	20
10/23/1992	CBS/NYT	20	15	30	32
10/15/1992	NES	26	33	37	31
6/08/1992	GALLUP	13	19	31	30
10/20/1991	ABC/POST	25	33	42	39
3/06/1991	CBS/NYT	46	39	57	56
3/01/1991	ABC/POST	39	41	54	50
12/01/1990	NES	27	26	31	33
9/06/1990	ABC/POST	34	39	49	45
1/16/1990	ABC/POST	28	34	50	39
6/29/1989	CBS/NYT	27	27	38	55
1/15/1989	CBS/NYT	33	38	56	54
11/10/1988	CBS/NYT	24	40	65	52
10/15/1988	NES	34	35	52	51
1/23/1988	ABC/POST	30	31	54	49
10/18/1987	CBS/NYT	34	37	47	49
6/01/1987	ABC/POST	34	41	60	55
1/21/1987	CBS/NYT	34	37	54	48
1/19/1987	ABC/POST	37	38	52	51
12/01/1986	NES	25	36	53	53
9/09/1986	ABC/POST	25	34	55	44
1/19/1986	CBS/NYT	34	38	51	52
11/06/1985	CBS/NYT	42	43	60	56
7/29/1985	ABC/POST	26	33	53	41
3/21/1985	ABC/POST	27	29	52	48
2/22/1985	ABC/POST	28	33	62	63
10/15/1984	NES	34	47	52	46
12/01/1982	NES	29	35	48	38
11/07/1980	CBS/NYT	38	42	44	41
10/15/1980	NES	34	28	28	18
3/12/1980	CBS/NYT	31	29	25	18
11/03/1979	CBS/NYT	34	31	28	26
12/01/1978	NES	38	33	24	24
10/23/1977	CBS/NYT	41	41	32	16
4/25/1977	CBS/NYT	41	38	33	36
10/15/1976	NES	27	34	49	41
9/05/1976	CBS/NYT	33	42	45	45
6/15/1976	CBS/NYT	35	35	39	34
12/01/1974	NES	36	40	39	40
10/15/1972	NES	44	53	62	66

Pew Research Center

Historically there have been modest differences between generational groups in trust in government and that remains the case today.

Trust in government by generation

Date	.	Greatest	Silent	Boomer	Gen X	Millennial
4/11/2021	PEW	24	28	21	25	17
8/2/20	PEW	25	21	18	19	19
4/12/20	PEW	38	32	27	20
3/25/2019	PEW	18	16	17	19
12/4/2017	PEW	18	14	17	15
4/11/2017	PEW	14	20	22	19
10/4/2015	PEW	16	14	19	24
7/20/2014	CNN	11	10	14	19
2/26/2014	PEW	24	21	24	27
11/15/2013	CBS/NYT	13	16	15	21
10/13/2013	PEW	16	17	16	26
5/31/2013	CBS/NYT	20	15	18	29
2/6/2013	CBS/NYT	21	19	18	24
1/13/2013	PEW	23	23	24	32
10/19/2011	CBS/NYT	5	6	8	19
10/4/2011	PEW	16	16	19	26
9/23/2011	CNN	8	10	16	25
8/21/2011	PEW	15	16	17	25
3/14/2011	PEW	25	29	26	34
10/21/2010	CBS/NYT	20	17	27	23
10/1/2010	CBS/NYT	14	17	21	22
9/6/2010	PEW	22	20	25	29
9/1/2010	CNN	21	23	23
4/5/2010	CBS/NYT	14	14	26
4/1/2010	PEW	22	22	20	37
3/21/2010	PEW	18	18	23	32
2/12/2010	CNN	26	25	25	""
2/5/2010	CBS/NYT	20	18	26	""
1/10/2010	GALLUP	16	14	19	32
12/20/2009	CNN	21	17	19
8/31/2009	CBS/NYT	16	18	21	43
6/12/2009	CBS/NYT	14	22	22
12/21/2008	CNN	23	26	21
10/15/2008	NES	30	31	29	32
10/13/2008	CBS/NYT	14	11	14
7/9/2007	CBS/NYT	14	19	26	39
1/9/2007	PEW	31	30	31	32
10/8/2006	CBS/NYT	27	25	34
9/15/2006	CBS/NYT	21	25	31
2/5/2006	PEW	32	32	38	32
1/20/2006	CBS/NYT	29	29	31
1/6/2006	GALLUP	29	30	33
12/2/2005	CBS/NYT	29	29	36
9/11/2005	PEW	31	30	34
9/9/2005	CBS/NYT	29	23	35
6/19/2005	GALLUP	31	25	37
10/15/2004	NES	48	49	42	43
3/21/2004	PEW	35	37	34	44
10/26/2003	GALLUP	34	36	38
7/27/2003	CBS/NYT	27	36	37
10/15/2002	NES	59	55	52
9/4/2002	GALLUP	35	47	51
9/2/2002	CBS/NYT	33	34	42
7/13/2002	CBS/NYT	32	35	42
6/17/2002	GALLUP	41	44	47
1/24/2002	CBS/NYT	41	45	50
12/7/2001	CBS/NYT	45	48	51
10/25/2001	CBS/NYT	49	56	56
10/6/2001	GALLUP	51	59	62
1/17/2001	CBS/NYT	32	31	33
10/15/2000	NES	57	50	39	43
7/9/2000	GALLUP	40	39	44
4/2/2000	ABC/POST	30	26	33
10/3/1999	CBS/NYT	24	33	33
9/14/1999	CBS/NYT	40	36	36	41
2/12/1999	ABC/POST	29	31	36
2/4/1999	GALLUP	35	32
1/10/1999	CBS/NYT	36	35	33	43
1/3/1999	CBS/NYT	27	31	32	37
12/1/1998	NES	36	34	38	49
11/1/1998	CBS/NYT	22	22	27	24
10/26/1998	CBS/NYT	21	27	28
8/10/1998	ABC/POST	26	34	37
2/1/1998	GALLUP	37	29	45
1/25/1998	CBS/NYT	29	25	27
10/31/1997	PEW	39	36	39
6/1/1997	GALLUP	32	30	37
1/14/1997	CBS/NYT	25	22	21	27
11/2/1996	CBS/NYT	30	24	23	27
10/15/1996	NES	37	34	32	31
5/12/1996	GALLUP	35	19	23	35
5/6/1996	ABC/POST	40	33	29	40
11/19/1995	ABC/POST	28	18	26	28
8/7/1995	GALLUP	15	23	23	23
8/5/1995	CBS/NYT	19	17	18	24
3/19/1995	ABC/POST	23	20	22	25
2/22/1995	CBS/NYT	19	16	17	21
12/1/1994	NES	28	20	20	24
10/29/1994	CBS/NYT	25	19	20	24
10/23/1994	ABC/POST	28	21	21	19
6/6/1994	GALLUP	13	14	14	26
1/30/1994	GALLUP	19	19	17	25
1/20/1994	ABC/POST	32	23	21	24
3/24/1993	GALLUP	28	21	19	26
1/17/1993	ABC/POST	25	28	25	35
1/14/1993	CBS/NYT	31	25	20	26
10/23/1992	CBS/NYT	21	18	22	29
10/15/1992	NES	28	29	29	30
6/8/1992	GALLUP	21	11	26	30
10/20/1991	ABC/POST	31	31	36	42
3/6/1991	CBS/NYT	36	40	50	58
3/1/1991	ABC/POST	38	41	45	58
12/1/1990	NES	27	27	27	36
10/28/1990	CBS/NYT	20	22	25	34
9/6/1990	ABC/POST	37	41	42	51
1/16/1990	ABC/POST	37	34	38	48
6/29/1989	CBS/NYT	28	37	36	38
1/15/1989	CBS/NYT	42	37	46	52
11/10/1988	CBS/NYT	38	40	47	47
10/15/1988	NES	41	43	39	42
1/23/1988	ABC/POST	33	32	42	58
10/18/1987	CBS/NYT	30	39	46
6/1/1987	ABC/POST	45	46	48	57
3/1/1987	CBS/NYT	36	36	46
1/21/1987	CBS/NYT	39	37	46	56
1/19/1987	ABC/POST	43	41	43
12/1/1986	NES	40	40	38	31
11/30/1986	CBS/NYT	47	45	48
9/9/1986	ABC/POST	37	35	43
1/19/1986	CBS/NYT	36	43	44
11/6/1985	CBS/NYT	50	46	48
7/29/1985	ABC/POST	36	32	41
3/21/1985	ABC/POST	38	34	39
2/22/1985	ABC/POST	38	39	45
10/15/1984	NES	42	41	47
12/1/1982	NES	33	31	34
11/7/1980	CBS/NYT	38	40	38
10/15/1980	NES	26	22	27
3/12/1980	CBS/NYT	26	24	28
12/1/1978	NES	26	29	32
10/15/1976	NES	31	32	38
3/1/1976	GALLUP	32	31	35
12/1/1974	NES	32	36	43
10/15/1972	NES	49	57	56
12/1/1970	NES	50	59	59
10/15/1968	NES	55	71	73
12/1/1966	NES	62	72
10/15/1964	NES	74	82
12/1/1958	NES	72	77

Pew Research Center

Black Americans’ trust in government is now substantially higher that it was last year (15% then, 37% now), while views among White and Hispanic adults have seen less change over this period. As was the case under the Obama and Clinton administrations, Black and Hispanic adults now express more trust in the government to do the right thing than do White adults. Asian American trust in government also is now substantially higher than White trust in government. During the Republican presidencies of Reagan, G.W. Bush and Trump, White Americans were substantially more likely than Black Americans to express trust in the federal government.

Trust in government by race and ethnicity

Date	.	Hispanic	Black	White	Asian
4/11/2021	PEW	36	37	18	29
8/2/2020	PEW	28	15	18	27
4/12/20	PEW	29	27	26
3/25/2019	PEW	28	9	17
12/04/2017	PEW	23	15	17
4/11/2017	PEW	24	13	20
10/04/2015	PEW	28	23	15
7/20/2014	CNN	9
2/26/2014	PEW	33	26	22
11/15/2013	CBS/NYT	12
10/13/2013	PEW	21	24	17
5/31/2013	CBS/NYT	15
2/06/2013	CBS/NYT	39	15
1/13/2013	PEW	44	38	20
10/31/2012	NES	38	38	16
10/19/2011	CBS/NYT	15	15	8
10/04/2011	PEW	29	25	17
9/23/2011	CNN	10
8/21/2011	PEW	28	35	15
3/01/2011	PEW	28	25	30
10/21/2010	CBS/NYT	40	15
10/01/2010	CBS/NYT	17
9/06/2010	PEW	37	37	20
9/01/2010	CNN	21
4/05/2010	CBS/NYT	18
3/21/2010	PEW	26	37	20
2/12/2010	CNN	22
2/05/2010	CBS/NYT	16
1/10/2010	GALLUP	16
12/20/2009	CNN	21	18
8/31/2009	CBS/NYT	21
6/12/2009	CBS/NYT	16
12/21/2008	CNN	22
10/15/2008	NES	34	28	30
10/13/2008	CBS/NYT	18
7/09/2007	CBS/NYT	11	25
1/09/2007	PEW	35	20	32
10/08/2006	CBS/NYT	31
9/15/2006	CBS/NYT	31
2/05/2006	PEW	26	36
1/20/2006	CBS/NYT	19	34
1/06/2006	GALLUP	33
12/02/2005	CBS/NYT	35
9/11/2005	PEW	12	32
9/09/2005	CBS/NYT	12	29
6/19/2005	GALLUP	32
10/15/2004	NES	34	50
3/21/2004	PEW	17	41
10/26/2003	GALLUP	39
7/27/2003	CBS/NYT	19	37
10/15/2002	NES	41	58
9/04/2002	GALLUP	46
9/02/2002	CBS/NYT	39
7/13/2002	CBS/NYT	39
6/17/2002	GALLUP	48
1/24/2002	CBS/NYT	48
12/07/2001	CBS/NYT	51
10/25/2001	CBS/NYT	60
10/06/2001	GALLUP	61
1/17/2001	CBS/NYT	33
10/15/2000	NES	32	46
7/09/2000	GALLUP	41
4/02/2000	ABC/POST	28
2/14/2000	PEW	36	40
10/03/1999	CBS/NYT	28
9/14/1999	CBS/NYT	30	39
5/16/1999	PEW	28	31
2/21/1999	PEW	32	31
2/12/1999	ABC/POST	32
2/04/1999	GALLUP	33
1/10/1999	CBS/NYT	37	35
1/03/1999	CBS/NYT	39	31
12/01/1998	NES	57	36	38
11/19/1998	PEW	27	26
11/01/1998	CBS/NYT	29	22
10/26/1998	CBS/NYT	26	25
8/10/1998	ABC/POST	33
2/22/1998	PEW	42	33
2/01/1998	GALLUP	36
1/25/1998	CBS/NYT	25
10/31/1997	PEW	39	38
6/01/1997	GALLUP	31	32
1/14/1997	CBS/NYT	15	24
11/02/1996	CBS/NYT	31	30	24
10/15/1996	NES	35	32
5/12/1996	GALLUP	24
5/06/1996	ABC/POST	34
11/19/1995	ABC/POST	26
8/07/1995	GALLUP	22
8/05/1995	CBS/NYT	24	19
3/19/1995	ABC/POST	27	21
2/22/1995	CBS/NYT	20	17
12/01/1994	NES	22	20
10/29/1994	CBS/NYT	16	22
10/23/1994	ABC/POST	21
6/06/1994	GALLUP	15
1/30/1994	GALLUP	17
1/20/1994	ABC/POST	34	21
3/24/1993	GALLUP	20
1/17/1993	ABC/POST	45	25
1/14/1993	CBS/NYT	22	24
10/23/1992	CBS/NYT	21	23
10/15/1992	NES	37	27	28
6/08/1992	GALLUP	23
10/20/1991	ABC/POST	29	36
3/06/1991	CBS/NYT	30	49
3/01/1991	ABC/POST	35	46
12/01/1990	NES	39	22	27
10/28/1990	CBS/NYT	26	25
9/06/1990	ABC/POST	39	43
1/16/1990	ABC/POST	35	38
6/29/1989	CBS/NYT	26	36
1/15/1989	CBS/NYT	33	46
11/10/1988	CBS/NYT	33	45
10/15/1988	NES	25	43
1/23/1988	ABC/POST	29	41
10/18/1987	CBS/NYT	32	41
6/01/1987	ABC/POST	34	49
3/01/1987	CBS/NYT	20	45
1/21/1987	CBS/NYT	27	46
1/19/1987	ABC/POST	31	47
12/01/1986	NES	21	42
11/30/1986	CBS/NYT	23	52
9/09/1986	ABC/POST	26	42
1/19/1986	CBS/NYT	22	45
11/06/1985	CBS/NYT	34	52
7/29/1985	ABC/POST	22	40
3/21/1985	ABC/POST	29	40
2/22/1985	ABC/POST	24	46
10/15/1984	NES	33	46
12/01/1982	NES	26	34
11/07/1980	CBS/NYT	30	40
10/15/1980	NES	26	25
3/12/1980	CBS/NYT	35	24
11/03/1979	CBS/NYT	36	29
12/01/1978	NES	29	29
10/23/1977	CBS/NYT	28	34
4/25/1977	CBS/NYT	34	35
10/15/1976	NES	22	35
6/15/1976	CBS/NYT	35	34
3/01/1976	GALLUP	23	34
12/01/1974	NES	19	38
10/15/1972	NES	32	56
12/01/1970	NES	40	55
10/15/1968	NES	62	61
12/01/1966	NES	65	65
10/15/1964	NES	77	77
12/01/1958	NES	62	74

Pew Research Center

Sources: Pew Research Center, National Election Studies, Gallup, ABC/Washington Post, CBS/New York Times, and CNN Polls. Data from 2020 and later come from Pew Research Center’s online American Trends Panel; prior data from telephone surveys. Question wording can be found here. See 2019 report for more details on changes in survey mode. More information on the Pew Research Center’s polling methodology can be found here For party, generation and race/ethnicity analysis, selected datasets obtained from searches of the iPOLL Databank provided by the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. White, Black and Asian American adults include those who report being one race and are not Hispanic. Hispanics are of any race. Asian adults interviewed in English only.

Sours: https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/05/17/public-trust-in-government-1958-2021/

AP United States Government and Politics

American education course and exam

Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics (often shortened to AP Gov) is a college-level course and examination offered to high school students through the College Board's Advanced Placement Program. This course surveys the structure and function of American government and politics that begins with an analysis of the United States Constitution, the foundation of the American political system. Students study the three branches of government, administrative agencies that support each branch, the role of political behavior in the democratic process, rules governing elections, political culture, and the workings of political parties and interest groups.^[1]

Topic outline[edit]

The material in the course is composed of multiple subjects from the Constitutional roots of the United States to recent developments in civil rights and liberties. The AP United States Government examination covers roughly six subjects listed below in approximate percentage composition of the examination.^[2]

Foundations of American Democracy (15-22%)[edit]

Interactions Among Branches of Government (25-36%)[edit]

Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (13-18%)[edit]

American Political Ideologies and Beliefs (10–15%)[edit]

Political Participation (20-27%)[edit]

Political parties and elections
- Functions
- Organization
- Development
- Effects on the political process
- Electoral laws and systems
Interest groups, including political action committees (PACs)
- The range of interests represented
- The activities of interest groups
- The effects of interest groups on the political process
- The unique characteristics and roles of PACs in the political process
The mass media
- The functions and structures of the media
- The impact of media on politics

Public Policy (Part of the Units, embedded within all 5 units)[edit]

Required Supreme Court cases and Foundation Documents[edit]

Supreme Court cases[edit]

Starting from 2019 Administration of the Test, the College Board requires students to know 15 Supreme Court cases.^[3] These 15 Supreme Court case are listed below:

Supreme Court case	Year	Significance	Law Applied
McCulloch v. Maryland	1819	Established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws	U.S. Const.art. I, § 8, cl. 1, 18
United States v. Lopez	1995	Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime	U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3
Engel v. Vitale	1962	School sponsorship of religious activities violates the establishment clause	U.S. Const. amend. I
Wisconsin v. Yoder	1972	Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause	U.S. Const. amend. I; Wis. Stat. § 118.15 (Wisconsin Compulsory School Attendance Law)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	1969	Public school students have the right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War	U.S. Const. amends. I, XIV; 42 U.S.C. § 1983
New York Times Co. v. United States	1971	Bolstered the freedom of the press, establishing a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even in cases involving national security	U.S. Const. amend. I
Schenck v. United States	1919	Speech creating a “clear and present danger” is not protected by the First Amendment	U.S. Const. amend. I; 50 U.S.C. § 33
Gideon v. Wainwright	1963	Guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor or indigent in a state felony case	U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV
Roe v. Wade	1973	Extended the right of privacy to a woman's decision to have an abortion	U.S. Const. amends. IX, XIV; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 1191–1194, 1196
McDonald v. Chicago	2010	The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states	U.S. Const. amend. II, XIV
Brown v. Board of Education	1954	Race-based school segregation violates the equal protection clause	U.S. Const. amend. XIV
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission	2010	Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment	U.S. Const. amend. I, Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
Baker v. Carr	1961	Opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting and the development of the “one person, one vote” doctrine by ruling that challenges to redistricting did not raise “political questions” that would keep federal courts from reviewing such challenges	U.S. Const. amend. XIV; U.S. Const. art. III; 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Tenn. Const. art. II
Shaw v. Reno	1993	Majority-minority districts, created under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, may be constitutionally challenged by voters if race is the only factor used in creating the district	N/A
Marbury v. Madison	1803	Established the principle of judicial review empowering the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution	U.S. Const. art. I; U.S. Const. art. III, § 2; Judiciary Act of 1789 § 13

Foundation Documents[edit]

Same as Supreme Court Case, the College Board requires students to know 9 Foundation Documents.^[4] The 9 Documents are listed below:

Exam[edit]

The Multiple-Choice section is analytical and the Free-Response questions are fairly consistent.^[5]

Section I: Multiple-Choice (80 minutes, 55 questions, 50% of Total Exam Scores)
Section II: Free-response (100 minutes, 4 questions, 50% of Total Exam Scores)

Question #	1	2	3	4
Question Type	Concept Application	Quantitative Analysis	Supreme Court Case(s) Comparison	Argument Essay
Time Suggested	20 minutes	20 minutes	20 minutes	40 minutes
Percentage of Total Exam Score	Each free response question counts as 12.5% of the exam score.

Grade distribution[edit]

In the 2007 administration, 160,978 students took the exam from 6,306 schools.^[6] In the 2008 administration, 177,522 students took the exam.^[7] In the 2009 administration, 189,998 students took the exam.^[8] In the 2010 administration, 211,681 students took the exam.^[9] In the 2011 administration, 225,837 students took the exam.^[10]^[11] In the 2018 administration, 326,392 students took the exam.^[12] The grade distributions since 2007 were:

Final Score	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018^[13]	2019^[14]	2020^[15]	2021^[16]
5	6.0%	12.2%	13.1%	12.5%	12.6%	12.5%	11.3%	11.9%	9.8%	12.4%	11.2%	13.4%	12.9%	15.5%	11%
4	18.9%	13.1%	17.0%	13.3%	13.9%	14.9%	14.3%	12.5%	13.6%	13.5%	12.5%	13.3%	12.4%	16.5%	11%
3	26.9%	25.2%	25.4%	25.4%	25.1%	24.8%	26.1%	26.4%	24.7%	25%	25.8%	26.5%	29.9%	25.5%	27%
2	32.1%	25.8%	24.2%	24.0%	24.3%	24.6%	24.8%	24.7%	25%	24%	24.7%	24.5%	24.8%	22.0%	27%
1	16.1%	23.7%	20.2%	24.7%	24.1%	23.2%	23.5%	24.6%	26.9%	25.1%	25.8%	22.3%	20.0%	20.5%	23%
% of Scores 3 or Higher	51.8%	50.5%	55.5%	51.2%	51.6%	52.2%	51.7%	50.8%	48.1%	50.9%	49.5%	53.2%	55.2%	57.5%	49%
Mean Score	2.67	2.64	2.78	2.65	2.67	2.69	2.65	2.63	2.54	2.64	2.59	2.71	2.73	2.85
Standard Deviation	1.13	1.30	1.30	1.32	1.32	1.31	1.29	1.30	1.28	1.32	1.30	1.31	1.27	1.34
Number of Students	225,837	239,513	255,758	271,043	282,571	296,108	319,612	326,392	314,825	293,196	260,941

References[edit]

^"Government and Politics United States Comparative Course Description"(PDF). The College Board. pp. 9–13. Archived from the original(PDF) on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
^"Government and Politics United States Comparative Course Description"(PDF). The College Board. pp. 14–15. Archived from the original(PDF) on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
^"AP® U.S. Government and Politics Course And Exam Description"(PDF). The College Board. pp. 48–49. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^"AP® U.S. Government and Politics Course And Exam Description"(PDF). The College Board. pp. 46–47. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^"AP® U.S. Government and Politics Course And Exam Description"(PDF). The College Board. p. 80. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^"U.S. Government & Politics Grade Distribution". collegeboard.com, Inc. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
^"2008 U.S. Government & Politics Grade Distribution"(PDF). collegeboard.com, Inc. Archived(PDF) from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
^"2009 U.S. Government & Politics Grade Distribution"(PDF). collegeboard.com, Inc. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on January 5, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Packer, Trevor. "2012 AP Exam Score Distributions". Total Registration. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
^"Student Score Distributions 2018"(PDF). The College Board. 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
^Total Registration (June 20, 2018). "@AP_Trevor: "The 2018 AP US Government & Politics scores: 5: 13.4%; 4: 13.3%; 3: 26.5%; 2: 24.5%; 1: 22.3%. Kudos to these students and their teachers, as these are the highest scores in many years. (By way of comparison, just a few years ago, the percentage of 5s was 9.8%.)"". twitter.com.
^Total Registration (June 28, 2019). "2019 AP Exam Score Distributions". www.totalregistration.net. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
^"STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS"(PDF). Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^Total Registration (July 16, 2021). "2021 AP Exam Score Distributions". www.totalregistration.net. Retrieved July 17, 2021.

External links[edit]

Sours: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_United_States_Government_and_Politics

Electricity

Selected wholesale electricity and natural gas pricing locations The market data provided here are republished, with permission, from data collected by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and are updated biweekly. Currently, electricity products can be traded at more than two dozen hubs and delivery points in North America, and natural gas products can be traded at more than 120 hubs. The data posted under EIA's agreement with ICE represent eight major electricity hubs and their corresponding natural gas trading hubs.

This market information includes daily volumes, high and low prices, and weighted-average prices. Natural gas historical data are available back to March 2014. The electricity historical data availability dates differ by hub. Mid–C, PJM West, SP15-1, Palo Verde, and Mass Hub have data from 2001. Indiana Hub has data from 2006. SP15-2 (SP15 Gen DA LMP) and NP15 have data from 2009. ERCOT North has data from 2014.

Electricity

Electricity and Natural gas

If a certain hub or time period does not appear, EIA does not have access to it through the above-mentioned agreement. The data and methodology would have to be obtained directly from ICE.

Selected hubs and wholesale daily spot price names

Region	Electricity Hub Name	ICE Electricity Product Name	Natural Gas Hub Name	ICE Natural Gas Product Name
New England	Mass Hub	Nepool MH DA LMP Peak (from 2001)	Algonquin	Algonquin Citygates
PJM	PJM West	PJM WH Real Time Peak (from 2001)	TETCO-M3	TETCO-M3
Midwest	Indiana Hub	Indiana Hub RT Peak (from 2006)	Chicago Citygates	Chicago Citygates
Texas	ERCOT North	ERCOT North 345KV Peak (from 2014)	Henry Hub	Henry
Northwest	Mid-C	Mid C Peak (from 2001)	Malin	Malin
Northern California	NP-15	NP15 EZ Gen DA LMP Peak (from 2009)	PG&E - Citygate	PG&E - Citygate
Southwest	Palo Verde	Palo Verde Peak (from 2001)	Socal-Ehrenberg	Socal-Ehrenberg
Southern California	SP-15	SP15 Gen DA LMP Peak (from 2009) SP-15 Peak (2001 to 2009)	Socal-Citygate	Socal-Citygate

About the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)

For prompt or "day ahead" markets in North American power, ICE is a major execution venue for over-the-counter (OTC) trading. These power indices are taken directly from transactions executed on the ICE platform. ICE's OTC participants are some of the world's largest energy companies, financial institutions, and other active members in the global commodity markets. Participants include refiners, power stations, utilities, chemical and transportation companies, banks and hedge funds, as well as other energy and financial industry professionals.

About the ICE data

For the power indices, all qualifying physical firm power contracts traded on ICE from 6:00 AM to 11:00 AM CST on the day of publication are included.

These data are published for each hub:

Price hub: Location as defined in the ICE Product Guide
Dates: Trade date and Delivery start and end dates
High price: the absolute high price for the period
Low price: the absolute low price for the period
Wtd avg price: index of weighted average price
Daily volume: total contracts traded for the period counting the sell side only
Number of trades: number of trades confirmed through ICE and eConfirm that were used in the index calculation
Number of counterparties: number of companies that participated in the index related transactions

Calculation of the weighted average prices (indices)

The power indices are developed using the following formula:

I = Σ (P • V) / T

where:
I = Volumetric Weighted Average Index Price,
P = price or premium of individual transaction,
V = volume of individual transaction,
∑(P • V) = sum of each transaction's price multiplied by its volume,
T = total volume of all qualifying transactions.

In addition to the price filters on the Intercontinental trading platform in accordance with their Fair Trading initiative, the following types of trades are considered "non-qualifying", and are not included in the indices:

Trades done between two companies that are owned by the same parent company
Price basis spread legs, i.e. spread trades that are executed on a trading platform that subsequently are converted into two outright prices for trade reporting purposes
Deals that have been consummated but then cancelled or altered by the counterparties before confirmation
Trades where counterparties reverse a trade within two minutes of the previous transaction
Option Trades Deals that fall outside of the given time period for each index

Contact data experts

Sours: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/wholesale/

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Great Fear, French Grande Peur, (1789) in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an "aristocratic conspiracy" by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate. Printer Friendly. View Chapter 8 government Flashcards _ Quizlet. If Watt intends to hold the securities to maturity, the entry to record the investment includes a. Definition. each party holds a national convention every a. apushexplained.

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Vera. Fuh, how I love them, I wish I could get them out as quickly as possible, but it's not so easy. Maxim will not get drunk until he can pull him by the leg into the entrance, will not be kicked out of the house and kicks, I know him. Perhaps I slightly exaggerated its capabilities, but still somehow so.

AP Gov Explained: Government in America Chapter 2

Shine by running the tongue into a tight contracting anus. And when they sat her astride a swarthy, Spaniard-like guy, and she. Rode on him, like on a crazy rodeo, Igor slobbering his thumb, parted her buttocks, and began to knead the brown knot over the oozing vagina.

After the anus was warmed up and the finger, and then two, penetrated into her second hole to the full length, Igor licked it abundantly between the buttocks, and putting the. Head to the sphincter, began, swinging his pelvis, to enter Natasha from above.

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